Adaptation (film)

Adaptation.
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	Spike Jonze
Produced by	Jonathan Demme Vincent Landay Edward Saxon
Written by	Screenplay: Charlie Kaufman Book: Susan Orlean
Starring	Nicolas Cage Meryl Streep Chris Cooper Cara Seymour Tilda Swinton Brian Cox
Music by	Carter Burwell
Cinematography	Lance Acord
Editing by	Eric Zumbrunnen
Studio	Beverly Detroit Clinica Estetico Good Machine Intermedia Magnet Productions Propaganda Films
Distributed by	Columbia Pictures
Release date(s)	December 6, 2002
Running time	114 min.
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$19 million
Gross revenue	$32,801,173

Adaptation (rendered as Adaptation.) is a 2002 American comedy-drama film directed by Spike Jonze and written by Charlie Kaufman. The film is based on Susan Orlean's non-fiction book The Orchid Thief through self-referential events. The film stars Nicolas Cage as Charlie and Donald Kaufman, Meryl Streep as Susan, with Chris Cooper, Cara Seymour, Brian Cox, Tilda Swinton, Ron Livingston and Maggie Gyllenhaal. The film tells the story of Charlie Kaufman's difficult struggle to adapt The Orchid Thief into a film. In addition, Orlean romances with John Laroche while Charlie enlists the help of his twin brother Donald.

The film had been in development as far back as 1994. Jonathan Demme brought the project to Columbia Pictures with Kaufman writing the script. Kaufman went through writer's block and did not know what to think of The Orchid Thief. In turn Kaufman wrote a script about his experience adapting The Orchid Thief into a screenplay. Tom Hanks was at one point set for the role of Charlie Kaufman while John Turturro was approached to portray Laroche. Jonze signed to direct and filming finished in June 2001. Adaptation. received positive reviews and critical acclaim, as well as outstanding success at the 75th Academy Awards, 60th Golden Globe Awards and 56th British Academy Film Awards. It has since developed a strong cult following, which almost all of Spike Jonze and Charlie Kaufman's works have developed.

Plot

In 1992, John Laroche and his wife run a successful Florida nursery, but tragedy strikes and Laroche's wife, mother and uncle are involved in a car accident. Laroche's mother and uncle are killed immediately, but his wife goes into a coma, divorcing Laroche and suing him once she regains consciousness. One month later, Laroche's home and everything he owns is destroyed by Hurricane Andrew. Meanwhile, local Seminoles hire Laroche due to his vast knowledge of flowers and orchid poaching. However, the Seminoles are using the extract of the Ghost Orchid as an illicit drug, and not for tribal ceremonials as Laroche thought.

Two years later, Laroche is caught at the Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park and the ensuing trial captures the attention of New Yorker journalist Susan Orlean. Laroche and Susan become great friends, with Susan writing The Orchid Thief. Laroche and Susan then become romantically involved, while Susan is still married, albeit unhappily, in New York. The Orchid Thief is then optioned by Columbia Pictures.

During the filming of Being John Malkovich, the self-loathing and agoraphobic Charlie Kaufman is hired to write the screenplay. At the same time Charlie is going through melancholic depression and his twin brother Donald moves into his house in Los Angeles, mooching off Charlie. Donald decides to become a screenwriter like Charlie, and visits the seminars of Robert McKee. Charlie wants to adapt the script into a faithful adaptation of The Orchid Thief, hoping to impress Susan. However, he realizes that there is no narrative involved and finds it impossible to turn the book into a film, going through a serious case of writer's block.

Meanwhile, Donald's spec script for a clichéd psychological thriller, called The Thr3e, sells for over one million dollars, while Charlie accidentally starts writing his script with self-reference. Already well over his deadline with Columbia Pictures, Charlie visits Susan in New York for advice on the screenplay. In New York, Charlie finds that he is not courageous enough to meet Susan, leaving without consulting with her. Charlie visits a McKee seminar in New York, gaining advice from McKee, and bringing Donald to assist with the story structure. Donald even agrees to go on an interview with Susan, posing as Charlie and remains wary of Susan's answers. With Donald convinced that Susan is lying, he and Charlie follow Susan to Florida where she meets Laroche. Charlie finds Susan and Laroche taking the Ghost Orchid drug and having sex.

This is followed by a sequence of events which include a car chase, Donald being shot and then killed in a car crash, Laroche being killed by an alligator and Susan being arrested by the police. His writer's block broken, Charlie finally summons up the courage to tell his former girlfriend, Amelia, that he is in love with her. He finishes his script, with Gérard Depardieu in mind to portray him in the film.

Cast

• Nicolas Cage as Charlie Kaufman / Donald Kaufman
• Meryl Streep as Susan Orlean
• Chris Cooper as John Laroche
• Cara Seymour as Amelia Kavan
• Brian Cox as Robert McKee
• Tilda Swinton as Valerie Thomas
• Ron Livingston as Marty Bowen
• Maggie Gyllenhaal as Caroline Cunningham
• Judy Greer as Alice
• Stephen Tobolowsky (deleted scenes) as Ranger Steve Neely
• Bob Yerkes as Charles Darwin
• Curtis Hanson as Susan's husband
• Doug Jones as Augustus Margary
• Susan Orlean (uncredited) as Woman in supermarket
• Lance Acord (uncredited) as Himself
• John Cusack (uncredited) as Himself
• Spike Jonze (uncredited) as Himself
• Catherine Keener (uncredited) as Herself
• John Malkovich (uncredited) as Himself

Nicolas Cage portrays Charlie and Donald Kaufman through split screen photography.

Tom Hanks was originally set for the double role of Charlie and Donald Kaufman, while Variety was convinced Donald was a real person.^[1] Cage took the role for a $5 million salary,^[2] and wore a fatsuit during filming.^[3] Streep expressed dire interest in the role before being cast,^[2] and took a salary cut in recognition of the film's budget.^[4] John Turturro was approached to portray John Laroche.^[5] Cooper heavily considered turning down Laroche, but accepted it after his wife's persistence.^[6] Albert Finney, Christopher Plummer, Terence Stamp and Michael Caine were considered for the role of Robert McKee, but McKee personally suggested Brian Cox to filmmakers.^[7]

Litefoot and Jay Tavare have small roles as Seminole Indians. John Cusack, Catherine Keener, John Malkovich, Lance Acord and Spike Jonze have uncredited cameos as themselves in scenes where Charlie Kaufman is on the set of Being John Malkovich. More cameos include Doug Jones as Augustus Margary for a small scene when Susan fantasizes about the history of orchid poaching, Jim Beaver as Ranger Tony, director Curtis Hanson as Orlean's husband, and David O. Russell as a New Yorker journalist.

Production

The idea to do a film adaptation of Susan Orlean's The Orchid Thief dates back to 1994.^[9] Fox 2000 purchased the film rights in 1997,^[10] eventually selling them to Jonathan Demme, who set the project at Columbia Pictures. Charlie Kaufman was hired to write the script, but went through writer's block and did not know what to think of The Orchid Thief.^[11] In turn, Kaufman wrote about his experience adapting the script through exaggerated events, and created a fictional "brother" named Donald Kaufman. Charlie even went as far as putting Donald's name on the script and dedicated the film to the fictional character.^[12] By September 1999, Kaufman had written two drafts of the script,^[13] and turned in another draft in November 2000.^[14]

Kaufman explained, "The idea of how to write the film didn't come to me until quite late. It was the only idea I had, I liked it, and I knew there was no way it would be approved if I pitched it. So I just wrote it and never told the people I was writing it for. I only told Spike Jonze, as we were making John Malkovich and he saw how frustrated I was. Had he said I was crazy, I don't know what I would have done."^[15] In addition Kaufman stated, "I really thought I was ending my career by turning that in!"^[16] Adaptation. went on fast track in April 2000, with Kaufman mildly rewriting the script.^[1] Scott Brake of IGN leaked the script on the Internet in June 2000,^[17] as did Drew "Moriarty" McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News in October.^[18] Columbia Pictures committed to North America distribution only after Intermedia came aboard to finance the film in exchange for international distribution rights.^[19] Filming started in late March 2001 in Los Angeles, California, and finished by June.^[5] The "evolution" fantasy sequence was created by Digital Domain, while Skywalker Sound was responsible for the audio mixing of Adaptation.

Reception

Columbia Pictures had at one point announced a late 2001 theatrical release date.^[5] Adaptation. opened on December 6, 2002 in the United States for a limited release. The film then was released nationwide on February 14, 2003, earning $1,130,480 in its opening weekend in 672 theaters. Adaptation. went on to gross $22.5 million in North America and $10.3 million in foreign countries, coming at a total of $32.8 million.^[20] Based on 193 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Adaptation. received an average 91% overall approval rating;^[21] the film was more balanced with the 34 critics in Rotten Tomatoes' "Top Critics", receiving a 85% approval rating.^[22] By comparison, Metacritic calculated an average score of 83 from 40 reviews.^[23]

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times believed the film was something "That leaves you breathless with curiosity, as it teases itself with the directions it might take. To watch the film is to be actively involved in the challenge of its creation."^[24] He later added the film to his "Great Movies" collection.^[25] At the end of 2009, Ebert named the film one of the best of the decade. Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe thought "This is epic, funny, tragic, demanding, strange, original, boldly sincere filmmaking. And the climax, the portion that either sinks the entire movie or self-critically explains how so many others derail, is bananas."^[26] David Ansen of Newsweek felt Meryl Streep had not "been this much fun to watch in years",^[27] while Mike Clark of USA Today gave a largely negative review, mainly criticizing the ending: "Too smart to ignore but a little too smugly superior to like, this could be a movie that ends up slapping its target audience in the face by shooting itself in the foot."^[28]

Chris Cooper won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, while Nicolas Cage (Actor in a Leading Role) and Streep (Supporting Actress) were nominated. Charlie and Donald Kaufman were nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay. Donald became the first truly fictitious person nominated for an Oscar.^[29] Cooper and Streep won their respective categories at the 60th Golden Globe Awards. Spike Jonze, Cage and Kaufman were nominated for awards while Adaptation. was nominated for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.^[30] Cage, Cooper and Streep received nominations at the 56th British Academy Film Awards, with Kaufman winning Best Adapted Screenplay.^[31]

References

• Adaptation, Shooting Script, by Charlie Kaufman, Spike Jonze. Nick Hern Books, 2002. ISBN 1854597086.

External links

• Official website
• Adaptation. at Allmovie
• Adaptation. at the Internet Movie Database
• Adaptation. at BeingCharlieKaufman.com
• Adaptation. at Rotten Tomatoes
• Adaptation. at Box Office Mojo
• Susan Orlean's original article for The New Yorker